Though motivated by its significance for power grids, this question is broadly relevant for improving the stability of homogeneous dynamics in complex network systems in general, including consensus dynamics in networks of human or robotic agents 7, 8, coordinated spiking of neurons in the brain 9, 10, and synchronization in communication networks 11, 12. An outstanding question remains, however, as to whether there is a heterogeneous parameter assignment (different from the nominal one) that would enable even stronger stability for synchronous states than the best homogeneous parameter assignment.
#North american power grid generator
Consistent with the view that heterogeneities may generally inhibit frequency homogeneity, an earlier study showed that homogenizing the (otherwise heterogeneous) values of generator parameters can lead to stronger stability of synchronous states than in the original system 6. Furthermore, the inherent heterogeneities in the parameters of system components and in the structure of the interaction network are perceived as obstacles to achieving synchronization. Adding to the challenge is the increase in perturbations resulting from the ongoing integration of energy from intermittent sources 3, the emergence of grid-connected microgrids 4, and the expansion of an increasingly open electricity market 5. Maintaining frequency synchronization is challenging because the system is complex in various ways, with every generator responding differently to the continual influence of disturbances and varying conditions 2.
As these waves are superimposed before reaching the consumers, they need to be synchronized to the same frequency otherwise, time-dependent cancellation between these waves would cause the delivered power to fluctuate, which can lead to equipment malfunction and damage 1. In an alternating current power grid, the generators provide electrical power that oscillates in time as sinusoidal waves.
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